Pronoun and Adjective Clause

1. Adjective Clause Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / relative clause	Using adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. He runs a successful business.	I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business. I will introduce you to a friend that runs a successful business.
The book is about religion. It has raised controversy.	The book which has raised controversy is about religion. The book that has raised controversy is about religion.

Notes:

• "Who", "which", atau "that" adalah subyek dalam adjective clause.
• "Who" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang.
• "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa benda.
• "That" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).

2. Adjective Clause Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / relative clause	Using adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. You have never met him before.	I will introduce you to a friend (who(m)) you have never met before. I will introduce you to a friend (that) you have never met before.
The book is about religion. I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week.	The book (which) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion. The book (that) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The song was very popular in 1990's. I am listening to it.	The song to which I am listening was very popular in 1990's. The song (which) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's. The song (that) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.

Notes:

• "Whom" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang, umumnya digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Untuk bahasa Inggris informal dan percakapan, "who" lebih sering dipakai menggantikan "whom".
• "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa benda.
• "That" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).
• Pada bahasa Inggris percakapan (lisan), "who", "which", atau "that" seringkali dihilangkan.

3. Adjective Clause Using Whose

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Whose"

Without adjective clause / relative clause	Using adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. His interest is learning English.	I will introduce you to a friend whose interest is learning English.
The old lady has a painting. Its value is inestimable.	The old lady has a painting whose value is inestimable.

Notes:

• Dalam adjective clause atau relative clause, "whose" digunakan untuk menunjukkan milik, menggantikan "his", "her", "its", atau "their".
• Sebagaimana "his", "her", "its", dan "their", "Whose" selalu diikuti kata benda.
• "Whose" tidak bisa dihilangkan.

4. Adjective Clause Using Where

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Where"

Without adjective clause / relative clause	Using adjective clause / relative clause
I will take you to the restaurant. I usually have lunch there (at the restaurant).	I will take you to the restaurant where I usually have lunch. I will take you to the restaurant at which I usually have lunch. I will take you to the restaurant (which) I usually have lunch at.
The old lady has sold the house. She has lived there (in the house) for more than twenty years.	The old lady has sold the house where she has lived for more than twenty years. The old lady has sold the house in which she has lived for more than twenty years. The old lady has sold the house (which) she has lived in for more than twenty years.

Notes:

• "Where" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan tempat.
• Jika "where" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan tempat (seperti in, from, to, at, on, under, above) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition harus ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

5. Adjective Clause Using When

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "When"

Without adjective clause / relative clause	Using adjective clause / relative clause
We will never forget the day. My wife gave birth to my first son then (on that day).	We will never forget the day when my wife gave birth to my first son. We will never forget the day on which my wife gave birth to my first son. We will never forget the day (that) my wife gave birth to my first son.
August is the month. The weather gets very windy then (in August).	August is the month when the weather gets very windy. August is the month in which the weather gets very windy. August is the month (that) the weather gets very windy.

Notes:

• "When" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu.
• Jika "when" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan waktu (seperti in, on, at) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

Pengertian Adjective Clause

• Adjective clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan tentang noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence (kalimat kompleks).
• Noun atau pronoun yang dijelaskan dapat berfungsi sebagai subject atau object.
• Pronoun (kata ganti noun) yang digunakan adalah that dan question words.

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Subject [+be/verb+Noun/Pronoun] + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun + S +V

Contoh Adjective Clause

Adapun contoh adjective clause dengan berbagai relative pronoun adalah sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause	Contoh Kalimat (Complex Sentence)
who	who works hard to support their daily needs	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)
whom	whom I borrowed yesterday is interesting	The book whom I borrowed yesterday is interesting. (Buku yang saya pinjam kemarin menarik.)
whose	whose car is antique work as a lecturer	The man whose car is antique work as a lecturer. (Pria yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)
which	which is very faithful	Mueeza was a cat which is very faithful. (Mueeza adalah seekor kucing yang sangat setia.)
when	when I was taking a bath	He rang the bell when I was taking a bath. (Dia membunyikan bel ketika saya sedang mandi.)
where	where I was born	Bandar Lampung is the city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)
that	that I has dreamed for many years ago	It is the car that I has dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronoun refers to one of the three possible ways of making statements:

• The persons speaking can talk about themselves (first person: I, we) or
• they can talk about the persons spoken to (second person: you) or
• they can talk about anyone or anything else (third person: he, she, it, they)

	Personal Pronouns
	Singular	Plural
First person (the person speaking)	I, mine, me	We, ours, us
Second person (the person spoken to)	You, yours	You, yours
Third person (some other person or thing)	He, his, him, she, hers, it	They, theirs, them

Subjective Personal Pronouns

A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, you,and they.

Objective Personal Pronouns

An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: me, you, her, him, it, us, you, and them.

Example:

We will meet at the library tomorrow. (we is a subjective personal pronoun) 

Give me the book (me is an objective personal pronoun)

Possessive Peronal Pronouns

The words mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs are possessive forms of personal pronouns because they show ownership.

Possessive Adjectives

The words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are considered pronouns in some books and adjectives in other books. They are called possessive adjectivesand they come before a noun.

Example:

This house is mine. (mine is a possessive pronoun) 

This is my house. (my is a possessive adjective)

Reflexive Pronouns (the –self, -selves forms of the personal pronouns)

A reflexive pronounis is used to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.

• Myself
• Yourself
• Himself, herself, itself
• Ourselves
• Yourselves
• Themselves

Example:

He finished the task himself. (himself is a reflexive pronoun)

We can then classify the personal pronouns in the following way:

Types of Personal Pronouns
Subject Pronoun	Object Pronoun	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun	Reflexive Pronoun
I	me	my	mine	myself
You	you	your	yours	yourself
He	him	his	his	himself
She	her	her	hers	herself
It	it	its	its	itself
We	us	our	ours	ourselves
They	them	their	theirs	themselves

Other Commonly Used Pronouns

Here are some other kinds of pronouns that you may encounter.

Demonstrative Pronouns (used to point out a specific person or thing)

A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun.

The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.

This and these refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time.

That and those refer to things that are farther away in space or time. 

This and that are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases.

These and those are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases.

Example:

The children wanted these.

That is the bag I want,

Interrogative Pronouns (used in questions)

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. 

The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, and what.

Example:

Who are you?

What is your name?

Which is your brother

Whose is this pen?

Whom did you call?

Relative Pronouns (used to introduce adjective clauses)

The relative pronouns are who, whom, that, and which as well as whoever, whomever, and whichever. They are called relative because they relate the adjective clause to the word that the clause modifies.

Example:

The farmer, who was very sick, called his sons to his bedside. (whorelates the adjective clause was very sick with the noun farmer)

Indefinite Pronouns (not referring to a definite person or thing; frequently used without antecedents)

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.

The most common indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone.